panamense were freeze-dried, ground and homogenized for the analytical procedures. Nine pooled samples per species (5 whole adult fish specimens of the same size per pool, i.e., comprising a total of 45 specimens per species) of T. The Partition coefficients of Fe, Mn and Cu were found in high levels, suggesting high metal adsorption onto sediments. found high levels of Cd, Pb and Zn in the dissolved fraction, while detecting high levels of Cu, Fe and Mn in the particulate fraction. The GC is also characterized by the presence of mining complexes and other industrial and urban activities along the coast, responsible for releasing high amounts of metals into this ecosystem (especially Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn). The sediments herein have abundant concentrations of metal sulfites. These fluids are strongly diluted by seawater during their mixing. The Guaymas Basin, in the GC, is characterized by the presence of a hydrothermal vent that has an organic-rich sedimentary cover enriched in Mn provided by the Colorado River runoff. The semi-enclosed Gulf of California (GC) is a marginal sea on the Pacific coast of Mexico and encompasses one of the world’s five most productive and diverse ecosystems, being an important feeding ground for a wide variety of marine organisms.
In this context, these ecologically-relevant fishes act as a key “biological pump”, delivering the organic matter consumed in the warm oxygenated photic zone, during the night, to colder hypoxic waters during the day. Myctophids are able to dwell within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), since they exhibit important adaptive mechanisms that cope with the radically reduced oxygen levels. DSL organisms are known to perform diel vertical migrations (DVM), moving from mesopelagic depths at day-time to food-rich epipelagic layers at night-time-in a reflection of their food tracking behavior. The mesopelagic layer is also known as the twilight zone as the light that penetrates this zone is extremely faint. Below lies the mesopelagic layer, extending from 200 m to 1000 m. Here enough light is available for photosynthesis. The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic layer and extends from the surface to 200 m. Moreover, myctophids constitute a major component of the deep scattering layer (DSL), a sound scattering layer in the water column resulting from the congregation of a variety of marine animals. Myctophids also play a key role in the oceanic food web, by feeding majorly on zooplankton and larval and juvenile fishes, and serving as important prey items for predators such as whales, dolphins, penguins and squids. These small fish (2–15 cm, total length) account for as much as 65% of all deep-sea fish biomass, with an estimated global biomass of 600 million tons. Myctophids, also known as lanternfish, are the most widespread and diverse mesopelagic fish taxa with approximately 250 species distributed among 33 genera. panamense play a major role in trace element transfer to higher trophic levels in the pelagic food web of the Gulf of California. These diel vertical migrators are crucial in the energy transfer between the deep-sea and epipelagic zones (and vice-versa), and the estimation of the Biomagnification Factor (based on Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) levels revealed that both T. panamense, and these differences seemed to be related to inherent physiological and/or ecological traits rather than environmental element availability.
mexicanus exhibited significantly higher concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb in comparison to B. mexicanus the less abundant trace element was Ni (0.332 µg.g −1 dw) and for B. mexicanus presented 39.8 µg.g −1 dw and B. Zinc (Zn) was the most common trace element for both species, T. Therefore, the trace elemental composition (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb) of Triphoturus mexicanus and Benthosema panamense specimens was determined.
They play a central role in oceanic food webs and are known to perform diel vertical migrations, crossing the thermocline and reaching the oxygen minimum zone, however, very scarce information exists on trace element content in these organisms. See Category:Ships by shipyard for further information.Myctophids are key members of mesopelagic communities with a world biomass estimated at 600 million tons. It is based on the categories Ships by shipyard, Shipbuilding by country, Ships by year built and Ships by name.
This is a list of 14138 ships by shipyard.
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